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Technology Description Brief description: Seabass can easily be spawned using a hormone and its larvae reared in the hatchery with 90% survival. The only potential problem for the hatchery operator is that seabass are protandrous hermaphrodites, that is, they first mature as males then become females on their sixth year or when they are over 3 kg in size. Should egg production decrease as a result of having more female broodstock, the operator must cull and acquire younger or male broodstock. Wild spawners may be used, or breeders raised in cages,tanks or ponds. Seabass are injected with LHRHa, and left to spawn for 2-3 consecutive days. The larvae that hatched from the eggs are fed mostly live food, Brachionus and …

Technology Description The farming of the seaweed Kappaphycus can be a low-cost venture and a profitable one, with the right site. The technology can use family labor in either fixed off-bottom (“parasdas”) or single raft long-line culture. The more line modules, the more investment and care are needed. After tying seaweed plantlets or “seedlings” to the ropes, and the ropes staked to the sea bed by bamboo or tied to floating rafts staked to the sea bed, seaweed farming needs no more inputs. There is periodic visitation, two to three times a week, to remove undesirable algae, barnacles, and attached sediments; to re-tie loose or fallen seaweed; to tighten lines; and to check for signs of “ice-ice” disease. Seaweed culture …

Technology Description Brief description: This new technology on shrimp farming in brackishwater ponds incorporates pollution management which constitutes 9% of annual shrimp production cost per ha of the farmer. Pollution management is worth the cost considering that a shrimp farmer could lose it all during a disease outbreak. Environment-friendly practices include: (1) Lowered stocking density ~ this may decrease harvest volume by 20-30% but the harvest value could increase by 8-10%due to bigger size and improved feed conversion. Feeding and nutrient loading is reduced by 20%, and the risk of opportunistic diseases is reduced as well. (2) Improvement of pond bottom management ~ this may increase plowing or tilling cost, add netcage construction to the expense but these costs could …

Technology Description Brief description: Hatcheries are indispensable to grow-out operators especially when seedstock supply from the wild is not assured. For tiger shrimp, the technology can be relatively low-cost “backyard type” very popular among aquaculturists in the 1980s, or medium to large scale With fewer shrimp hatcheries continuing operations up to the present, the market potential is big. (Marketing is one of the problems of shrimp hatcheries. Since fewer ponds are stocked with shrimp due to disease threats/occurrence, demand for shrimp fry has also decreased). To put-up a hatchery, an entrepreneur needs to decide on target production. For every million of postlarvae (day 15-20), a total tank volume of 80-100 tons is required. This is based on these assumptions: (1) …

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SaaS has increasingly become an everyday part of how business is done across the globe; according to Statista, the global SaaS market is forecast to reach 157 billion US dollars in size by 2020, more than doubling 2014 figures. This enormous growth reflects the extent to which SaaS is empowering organizations to do business better, helping businesses to achieve always-on flexibility, agility and scalability, increasing ROI on IT spend while freeing up valuable resources to focus on long-term strategy. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) refers to software which is owned, delivered and managed remotely; rather than purchasing software packages, organizations pay for their usage of a cloud-based package, whether on a pay-for-use or subscription model. This has proven very appealing to the market; …

Show-and-tell of their work, and presenting the results in a mid-year 2011 review

Technology description To produce food through aquaculture without sacrificing the environment is an apt description for the culture or fattening of mudcrab in mangrove areas. The use of net enclosures in mangroves or tidal zones offers a better alternative to pond culture. It also promotes a better image for brackishwater aquaculture that had been linked to the historical clear-cutting of mangroves to make way to ponds. For fattening, the technology involves the construct of small cages with individual cells which are then stocked with lean crabs, weighing at least 100 g (if female native crabs) or 300 g (if female giant crab). Males weighing 200 g (if native) or 350 g (giant crab) may also be stocked individually in the …

Technology description Although the technology applies to all three species of mud crab (Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea), S. serrata or giant/king crab has been the focus of culture due to its economic viability. Healthy mature crabs with complete limbs are chosen as breeders. The crabs are maintained in the tank until they spawn (release of eggs). After hatching of eggs, care is taken to raise the zoea to the megalopa stage in the hatchery. Feed used are Brachionus and Artemia. Water replacement may be from 30 to 80% every 5 days. Megalopae are then transferred to nursery tanks or net cages before they can be stocked in ponds or pens, and are fed mollusks or fish. Hatchery and …

Virus expected to cost Australian abalone industry A herpes-like virus in wild and farmed abalone stocks are wreaking havoc, which could cost the abalone industry in south-west Victoria in Australia up to $5 million in losses this season. The virus responsible for ganglioneuritis, as reported here, is believed to have come from an aquaculture facility in Portland, moving east. Ganglioneuritis causes inflammation of abalone nervous tissue, resulting in curling of the foot and swelling of the mouth. Stakeholders are not very optimistic in their outlook about the situation; divers, such as Peter Riddle, are angry at the State Government’s handling. He thought that it is “too late” to do anything now, “the disease is in the ocean and I don’t …

Abalone: don’t cramp my style Cramped spaces leave abalones with little room for attachment and feeding Abalone farming is a growing aquaculture industry. New frontiers are being explored to expand the production of this valuable commodity, which has various researchers testing the waters in terms of culturing the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina in sea cages. Since studies have shown that stocking density has an inverse relationship with the growth of abalone, the trick is to find a middle ground wherein a given area could still be able to support the growth of abalone.   This begs the question: Does the shelter surface area (SSA) of mesh cages have an effect on the feeding, growth and survival of the tropical abalone? …

In abalone culture, omnivores rule Diets with both plant and animal sources strike the perfect balance between nutritive content and cost A prized aquaculture commodity, the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina has a high market demand in both local and export markets. Because of this, researchers are trying to come up with diet formulations that could support greater growth while minimizing feed cost. Abalones are herbivores in their natural habitats, feeding mostly on macroalgae like seaweeds. In the culture environment, however, experiments from Taiwan have noted that abalone juveniles fed formulated diets had 65% greater growth than those fed solely with macroalgae. In addition, they were found to contain relatively higher protein content than the seaweed-fed abalone. Formulated feed must contain …

Abalone: feed, mark, let go A safer and easier way of tagging abalone for stock enhancement is feeding them a formulated diet In the wild, abalone population has been declining. One way of replenishing this is through stock enhancement in marine reserves, sanctuaries or other protected areas. One way of determining the activity’s success is by monitoring tagged abalones after they are released in the wild. And therein lies the problem: the lack of effective tagging or marking methods. Ideally, tags used in stock enhancement should be able to mark small individuals, detectable in other life stages, is unique to the local population, and suitable for identification of individuals from particular releases. Tags should also be inexpensive to apply and …

Papaya, malunggay, ipil-ipil and Azolla: must-haves for abalone? Abalone need green leafy “vegetables,” too Abalone, being herbivores, are known to feed on seaweeds in the wild. However, seaweeds like Graciliariopsis bailinae are economically important in themselves, being sources of valuable agar. Seaweeds just can not be used as feed. Hence, locally available plants may just be the right supplement or replacement for expensive components in formulated feeds for abalone. In the Philippines, the terrestrial plants Carica papaya, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oliefera, locally known by their less-daunting names papaya, ipil-ipil, and malunggay, respectively, may be the ideal candidates for this purpose. A freshwater fern, Azolla pinnata, is another potential alternative, being incorporated in the diets of tilapia and carp to promote …

Navicula + abalone mucus = high metamorphosis One of the major problems that have perplexed abalone hatchery operators is the poor settlement or the attachment and metamorphosis of abalone larvae. To increase the production of seeds needed for stock enhancement, suitable inducers for the settlement of abalone larvae have to be provided. Since tests using different abalone species showed that responses to settlement cues vary depending on the species, Wenresti Gallardo and Shelah Mae Buen-Ursua of SEAFDEC/AQD decided to test the effect of larval settlement inducers on the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. Inducers tested included abalone mucus, Navicula sp., Navicula + mucus, mixed diatoms, and mixed diatoms + mucus. Variables requiring mucus were produced by allowing a juvenile abalone to …

Substrate matters Even bottom feeders like abalone know the importance of good substrates Marine invertebrates use a range of physical, biological and chemical signals to influence their metamorphosis and larval settlement. In the abalone hatchery environment, these could include food sources and appropriate substrates. To determine what combination of substrate and food source is best for abalone larvae, Rolando Gapasin and Bernice Polohan of SEAFDEC/AQD subjected Haliotis asinina postlarvae to different “substrate-diatom” complexes, together with gamma-aminobutyric acid or GABA. Substrates made of plexiglass, rubberized canvas, fibrocement board and corrugated plastic were placed on the floor bottom of four plexiglass aquaria. Each of these were then inoculated with the following diatom species: Amphora sp., Nitzchia cf. frustulum, a 1:1 combination of …

Abalone: we need our space! For abalone to grow well, low stocking rate is good, high stocking bad, and reduced oxygen downright ugly As one of the major countries harvesting abalone, the Philippines is mostly dependent on wild catch since commercial grow-out system for Haliotis asinina is still a pioneering effort. Due to the low profit margin in land-based culture systems, alternative means such as sea cages are being pursued.  A study conducted by Emmanuel Capinpin Jr and his colleagues determined the effects of different stocking densities on the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of abalone using the cage system. Employing three trials using different stocking densities, the researchers raised abalone, with sizes ranging from 16-20 mm and …

  Technical Assumptions Initial size 2.0 cm, 1.5 g (P5/pc)     Final size 5.5 cm, 50 g (P300/kg, 20 pcs/kg) Culture period (months) 9 Seaweed price (P/kg) 4 Number of crops/year 3-4 Survival rate (%) 90% Feed Conversion Ratio 20-25 Project Duration (years) 4   Investment Capital outlay  30,000 Mesh cages 19,600 Long line 7,400 Anchors 2,000 Other materials 1,000 Investment cost (x 3 crops (VC)) 98,640 Abalone juveniles  21,000 Salary, extra labor 1,860 Seaweeds 10,020 Total capital investment required 128,640   Costs-and-Returns Item 1 module Revenue/crop (189 kg/module x P300/kg) 56,700 Variable cost (P) 32,880 Fixed cost (P) 10,112 Total production cost (P) 42,992 Net income/crop (P) 13,707 Net income/year (P) 41,122 Return on Investment (%) 137 Payback …

      Technical Assumptions Project duration 5 years Number of breeders, female + male (70-80g) 800+200 pcs Group spawning frequency per month   2x Number of spawning breeders/month 256 Ave. spawning fecundity per breeder 250,000 eggs Total egg production/spawning cycle 32 million Total veliger larvae production (40%) 12.8 million % Settlement rate 2.50% % Survival of early juvenile at 90-day period 4% Total early juvenile production per run (10-15mm) 12,800 % Survival after a 60-day nursery  85% Total advance juveniles production per run  (20-25mm) 10,880 Number of production cycles per year 20 Total juvenile production per year 217,600   Investment Capital Investment 1,061,000 Annual Depreciation 93,942 Depreciation per crop 4,697 Salvage Value after 5 Years 602,125   Costs-and-Returns Items …

Why mudcrab culture? A mangrove-friendly or sustainable aquaculture Mudcrab is well-liked for its taste, texture and nutritive value High demand in the local and export markets Could be polycultured with other species, such as milkfish Could be an investment for people’s cooperatives and fisherfolk organizations who manage a mangrove area under a stewardship contract